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Strategies for Developing Listening Skills Language
learning depends on listening. Listening provides the aural input that
serves as the basis for language acquisition and enables learners to
interact in spoken communication.
Effective language instructors show students how they can
adjust their listening behavior to deal with a variety of situations,
types of input, and listening purposes. They help students develop a set
of listening strategies and match appropriate strategies to each
listening situation.
Listening Strategies Listening strategies are techniques or activities that
contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of listening input.
Listening strategies can be classified by how the listener processes the
input.
Top-down strategies are listener based; the listener
taps into background knowledge of the topic, the situation or context,
the type of text, and the language. This background knowledge activates a
set of expectations that help the listener to interpret what is heard
and anticipate what will come next. Top-down strategies include
- listening for the main idea
- predicting
- drawing inferences
- summarizing
Bottom-up strategies are text based; the
listener relies on the language in the message, that is, the combination
of sounds, words, and grammar that creates meaning. Bottom-up
strategies include
- listening for specific details
- recognizing cognates
- recognizing word-order patterns
Strategic listeners also use
metacognitive strategies to plan, monitor, and evaluate their listening.
- They plan by deciding which listening strategies will serve best in a particular situation.
- They monitor their comprehension and the effectiveness of the selected strategies.
- They evaluate by determining whether they have achieved
their listening comprehension goals and whether the combination of
listening strategies selected was an effective one.
Listening for Meaning To extract meaning from a listening text, students need to follow four basic steps:
- Figure out the purpose for listening. Activate background
knowledge of the topic in order to predict or anticipate content and
identify appropriate listening strategies.
- Attend to the parts of the listening input that are relevant
to the identified purpose and ignore the rest. This selectivity enables
students to focus on specific items in the input and reduces the amount
of information they have to hold in short-term memory in order to
recognize it.
- Select top-down and bottom-up strategies that are
appropriate to the listening task and use them flexibly and
interactively. Students' comprehension improves and their confidence
increases when they use top-down and bottom-up strategies simultaneously
to construct meaning.
- Check comprehension while listening and when the listening
task is over. Monitoring comprehension helps students detect
inconsistencies and comprehension failures, directing them to use
alternate strategies.
